Don't ask apple trees to give pears

Dont ask why things went wrong Nested Reputation and Scapegoating Ine¢ ciencyy

Scapegoating is a source of ine¢ ciency in organizations. This is a commonly held view. But despite its commonality and its use as a justi…cation for reforms designed to reduce scapegoating, no formal model has been developed to explain why and when this is the case. We propose an explanation by focusing on how superiors make decisions inside an organization when they only care about reputation...

Competition-based Model of Pruning: Applications to Apple Trees

Pruning is widely used in horticulture to control tree shape and balance between vegetative and reproductive growth. Several pruning models have been developed. They are based upon competition mechanisms and transport network to distribute resources to different sinks using either a source-sink allocation function (Borchert and Honda, 1984; de Reffye et al., 1999; Balandier et al., 2000) or an ...

Cisgenic apple trees; development, characterization, and performance

Two methods were developed for the generation of cisgenic apples. Both have been successfully applied producing trees. The first method avoids the use of any foreign selectable marker genes; only the gene-of-interest is integrated between the T-DNA border sequences. The second method makes use of recombinase-based marker excision. For the first method we used the MdMYB10 gene from a red-fleshed...

Rootstocks for Size Control in Apple Trees

A Viroid Resembling Hop Stunt Viroid in Infected Apple Trees with Apple Scar Skin Disease in the Northeast of Iran

Abstract Background and Aims: Apple scar skin disease (ASSD) is one of the destructive diseases of pome fruits which is caused by ASSVd. Case presentation: We report molecular detection of ASSVd in symptomatic apples cv. Red Delicious with simultaneous presence of a new variant of HSVd from Khorasan Razavi province. Conclusion: This is the first report on the association of HSVd with...